What Was the Earldom of Mar?

The Earldom of Mar is renowned as one of the most ancient and storied titles in Great Britain, with a lineage that predates recorded history. Nestled between the rivers Don and Dee in Aberdeenshire, the province of Mar and its Highland portion, Braemar, are celebrated for their breathtaking landscapes, including the towering Ben Macdhui and the poetic Lochnagar.

Origins and Early History

The title's origins are shrouded in the mists of time, with the earliest known titleholder being a "mormaor," a Pictish dignitary second only to the king. By the tenth century, this title had evolved into the Saxon "earl." One of the earliest mormaors whose name survives in written records is Martachus, who witnessed a charter in 1065. His son, Gratnach, became the first hereditary ruler of Mar to bear the title of earl around fifty years later.

A fascinating tale from this early period involves a mormaor named Melbrigda, known for his prominent tooth. He fell in battle to Sigurd, the first Scandinavian Earl of Orkney. Sigurd cut off Melbrigda's head and hung it from his saddle, but the head's tooth inflicted a wound on Sigurd's thigh, leading to his death from infection. This story reflects the tumultuous and often brutal nature of the era.

A Lineage of Nobility and Valor

The Earldom of Mar has been held by members of some of Scotland's most illustrious houses, including the Douglases, Stewarts, Drummonds, and Erskines. These families played pivotal roles in Scotland's history, participating in significant battles such as Methven, Bannockburn, and Dupplin. The title has been associated with figures like the hero of Otterburn, the victor of Harlaw, and influential regents who governed Scotland.

One of the most notable early earls was Donald, who fought alongside his royal uncle, King Robert the Bruce. Donald was captured at the Battle of Methven in 1306 but was released after the Scottish victory at Bannockburn. He later served as Regent of Scotland but was killed at the Battle of Dupplin in 1332, where the Scots suffered a devastating defeat.

Thomas, the ninth earl, was another significant figure. Serving as Great Chamberlain of Scotland and as an ambassador to England, Thomas left a lasting legacy. His death in 1377 marked the end of the direct male line of the Earls of Mar, leading to the title passing to his sister Margaret, who married William, Earl of Douglas. Their son James became the hero of Otterburn, a legendary figure in Scottish history.

Influence and Power

The earls of Mar were influential figures in Scotland, holding high offices and being closely connected to the royal family. They were intertwined with the Bruce lineage, with marriages strengthening their ties to the crown. The family's seat was the formidable Kildrummie Castle, a symbol of their power and prestige.

The earldom saw turbulent times, especially in the 15th century. After the death of Earl Thomas in 1377, the direct male line ended, and the title passed through several hands. The earldom was seized and reclaimed multiple times, reflecting the broader political struggles of the era. The story of Alexander Stewart, who infamously took the title through force and marriage to the countess, showcases the era's lawlessness and the intertwining of personal ambition with political power.

Stewart, known as the Wolf of Badenoch's son, captured and married Countess Isabella, taking control of the earldom. Despite his violent methods, he later proved to be a capable leader, defending Scotland against English invaders and maintaining order in the northern counties. His legacy includes his valor at the Battle of Harlaw in 1411, where he defeated Donald of the Isles, securing the earldom's influence.

Legal Disputes and Restitution

In the 19th century, the Earldom of Mar became the center of a heated legal dispute. John Francis Goodeve Erskine and Walter Coningsby Erskine both laid claim to the title, leading to a thorough examination of the earldom's history and inheritance laws. This dispute highlighted the complexity of noble titles and the enduring significance of historical claims in modern times.

John Francis Goodeve Erskine, the nephew of the last recognized Earl of Mar, initially had his claim universally accepted. He was presented at court, and his vote was received at the election of representative peers. However, Walter Coningsby Erskine later contested this, leading to a protracted legal battle. The case was referred to the House of Lords' Committee for Privileges, which decided in favor of Walter, asserting that the title conferred by Queen Mary on Lord Erskine in 1565 was a new creation limited to heirs male.

This decision sparked controversy, as many believed it disregarded the historical continuity of the earldom. Influential Scottish peers protested, arguing that the earldom restored by Queen Mary was indeed the original title and should descend through heirs of line. The debate underscored the enduring complexity and passion surrounding Scotland's noble titles.

The controversy culminated in the "Earldom of Mar Restitution Bill," which sought to resolve the contested claims and restore the ancient title. The bill passed through Parliament, reaffirming the earldom's place in Scotland's noble hierarchy and recognizing the lineage of John Francis Goodeve Erskine. This legal resolution highlighted the importance of historical justice and the preservation of noble heritage.

Legacy and Significance

The Earldom of Mar's rich history is a testament to Scotland's complex and vibrant past. From its mysterious origins to its role in critical battles and its place in noble disputes, the earldom embodies the enduring legacy of Scotland's aristocracy. The earls of Mar have been warriors, statesmen, and influential figures whose actions shaped the course of Scottish history.

Today, the Earldom of Mar remains a symbol of Scotland's historical depth and the intricate web of its noble lineages. Its story is one of valor, power, and enduring legacy, reflecting the broader narrative of Scotland's journey through the ages. The earldom's history, filled with dramatic events and notable figures, continues to captivate and inspire those who delve into its storied past.

Adapted from: Taylor, J. (1887). The Great Historic Families of Scotland (Vols. 1-2). [Antiquarian bookshop edition, set 88 of 250].